derivatives of hydrocarbons

1. Identification of Carbon and HydrogenThe existence of the elements carbon and hydrogen in hydrocarbons can be identified through a simple experiment. This simple experiment can be performed in a laboratory school and at home. One method is to use wax (C20H42) is reacted with oxygen from the air (burned), the burning candle is passed into a solution of Ca (OH) 2 1%, as shown in Figure 8.1.Identification of carbon and hydrogen combustion using candlesFigure 8.1 Identification of carbon and hydrogen combustion using candles.How to identify the elements carbon and hydrogen in hydrocarbons or organic compounds? To answer this, you must first understand the reaction. When the candle burning between the candle and the reaction of oxygen from the air. If combustion is perfect, the reaction:2C20H42 (s) + 61O2 (g) → 40CO2 (g) + 42H2O (g)CO2 gas and water vapor combustion will flow through the channel toward the solution of Ca (OH) 2. On the way to a solution of Ca (OH) 2, occurs by cooling the air so that the reaction of water vapor would melt. This is evidenced by the presence of water droplets attached to the channel. Because CO2 gas dew point is very low then it will remain as a gas and reacted with a solution of Ca (OH) 2. Evidence of CO2 is shown by the solution becomes cloudy or white precipitate formed from CaCO3 (See Figure 8.1). The equation:CO2 (g) + Ca (OH) 2 (aq) → CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l).2. Classification of HydrocarbonsBasically, carbon compounds can be classified into hydrocarbon compounds and their derivatives. Hydrocarbons derived compounds are carbon compounds that contain atoms other than carbon and hydrogen atoms, such as alcohols, aldehydes, protein, and carbohydrates. Judging from the way the carbon-carbon bond, hydrocarbons can be grouped into two major parts (see Figure 8.2), namely:a. Aliphatic hydrocarbons, the hydrocarbons that make up the carbon chain with the open end, either straight or branched chain. Aliphatic compounds are distinguished as follows1) saturated hydrocarbon compound, a hydrocarbon compound covalently bonded to a single. For example, compounds alkanes.alkanesNatural gas and petroleum aliphatic hydrocarbons classified.2) unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds, a compound covalently bonded hydrocarbon duplicate or triplicate. For example, alkenes and alkynes.b. Cyclic hydrocarbons, are hydrocarbons with carbon chain end closed. Cyclic compounds are distinguished as follows.1) alicyclic hydrocarbon compounds, a class of compounds with aliphatic carbon chain end closed. For example, cyclohexane and cyclohexene.2) aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, a compound benzene and its derivatives. Examples of aromatic hydrocarbons are benzene, naphthalene, toluene, and so on.
 that the hydrocarbons are carbon compounds that are formed by the elements carbon and hydrogen elements and grouped into two categories, namely aliphatic hydrocarbons including alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons including benzene and its compounds (Carey, F. , 2001: 53).All fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas) are the main source of hydrocarbons (Olah, George A and 'Arp'ad Moln'ar, 2003: 3).Hydrocarbons (oil and gas) is used as the majority of the fuel to generate energy and to heat the room. Petroleum refinery produces gasoline, diesel fuel, heating oil, lubricating oils, waxes, and asphalt. Relatively small (4%) the use of petroleum as raw material for the chemical industry that produce essential materials for everyday life, such as plastics, textiles, and pharmaceuticals (Olah and 'Arp'ad Moln'ar, 2003: 23).More complete description of petroleum compounds produced by distillation fractionation are discussed in chapter petroleum and natural gas. Unsaturated hydrocarbon chain has important uses as chemical feedstocks and polymers (Olah, George A and 'Arp'ad Moln'ar, 2003: 43).Hydrocarbon derivative compounds have very much at all, and virtually all carbon compounds or organic compounds are compounds derived hydrocarbons as the main constituent elements are hydrogen and carbon.Compounds derived hydrocarbons have so many uses and covers all areas of life. The multiple use of compounds derived hydrocarbons, are as follows.A. Food SectorSome chemicals consisting only of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons). Hydrocarbons are used in industry, especially in the petroleum and coal tar. Chemical energy stored in hydrocarbon constituent elements are carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons gain energy from the sun when plants use sunlight during photosynthesis to produce glucose (food).Glucose, the simplest carbohydrates in the bloodstream making available to all body cells. The body's cells to absorb glucose. Sugar by the cells is then oxidized (burned) with the help of the oxygen we breathe into energy and CO2 gas in the form of respiration (breathing). The energy generated and not used will be stored under the skin in the form of fat tissue.B. Clothing SectorCompounds derived hi-drokarbon a role in the field of clothing, such as cotton, wool (a protein), silk (protein), nylon (polymer), and synthetic fibers.C. Sector BoardField board, hydrocarbons derived compounds that play a role, such as cellulose, wood, lignin, and polymers.D. Trade SectorPetroleum hydrocarbons are compounds which a commodity trading is very important to the world because oil is one of the most important sources of energy today. Countries in the world oil producers to form interstate organizations of the oil producers called OPEC (Organization of Petrolleum Exporting Country).Petroleum distillates produced many hydrocarbon compounds is essential for human life, such as gasoline, petroleum ether (kerosene), LPG, lubricating oils, waxes, and asphalt.E. Arts and AestheticsIn the field of art, hydrocarbons are often used, among others, wax (wax) to coat the sculptures to appear more shiny. There's even an artist who makes sculptures out of wax candles by compressing large in size then sculpted or carved according the wishes of the artist.There was also a coloring art, both on fabric and other objects using chemical compounds. The ingredients are coated with wax will look more appealing and in addition it will also avoid the water because the water can not react with the wax because of differences in polarity.